Identify the stages of a series of counselling sessions free essay sample

The beginning of the counselling process starts when the client first meets the counsellor, the saying â€Å"first impressions count† is absolutely true for both the client and counsellor, the client will be very nervous and unsure what is about to take place. The way the counsellor approaches the client in this infant stage is vital for the client to gain trust and has the willingness to open up in later sessions. Some clients may just rush into what is troubling them or say nothing, in both cases the counsellor will need to be patient, observe and listen to what is being said as there will be vital information given and without understanding this it could damage your relationship. The counsellor will need discuss boundaries, this can be achieved by having an agreed Joint contract signed by both, which will show the client that each session will be approached in a professional and ethical way it will be the start of a professional relationship and a therapeutic alliance thus meaning a willingness to work together in a congruent way. We will write a custom essay sample on Identify the stages of a series of counselling sessions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the beginning the client will feel the power side of the relationship is with the counsellor, they will know the counsellor is professionally trained, also the counsellor will be on familiar territory if the session is at the counsellors choice of venue, but, by explaining to the client the therapeutic process they will quickly realise the counsellor is committed to shifting the power to the client thus assisting with the therapeutic alliance. By being totally congruent from the beginning will display to the client there are no hidden agendas, the counsellor is totally transparent, non-judgemental, the counsellor has empathy towards the client and understands them. The middle The working relationship should by now be established and the client will have the confidence and willingness to explore their own feelings without feeling uncomfortable, they should also be able to understand their self-awareness. During the â€Å"middle† stage, the counsellor should be using the core conditions which will cement a trusting relationship and will empower the client to speak freely without being judged. The middle sessions are very important as the client will be now be in the early stages of being able to self-process their feelings, the client should be able to recognise this as self-counselling. I feel this stage of the counselling process is  important because by now the client will be confident to move forward, but there will still some hesitation as they may still feel vulnerable because it will be challenging, as now they should be seeing the world in a different way they could feel freighted yet excited, all their feelings, thoughts and emotions will be reaching a conclusion. The counsellor must be congruent at all times as the client may not be prepared for the next stage and this must be shared and worked through before the ending begins. The ending The ending sounds very final for the client but by now they will know it’s the start of a new beginning. The clients’ feedback to the counsellor is valuable, as it will give the counsellor an indication of where they are at and if they are ready to end the relationship. The timing of the ending is generally dictated by the client, but, the responsibility of leaving in a safe place is still with the counsellor, the safety of the client will need to be discussed as they must be fully aware of what is happening and they must be comfortable with the process. The counsellor should by now see a personality change in their client, they will be showing the wiliness to change and self-acceptance, the client will now be able to live their life in a more positive way, some of their old relationships will no longer be needed and hopefully their journey and their willingness to change will make them stronger and able to cope with their new beginnings. At this stage the counsellor will see they are no longer required and they might feel a sense of loss its essential the counsellor brings these emotions to supervision. 1.2 Evaluate the importance of an appropriate opening of a series of sessions In my opinion the beginning of the counselling session is one of the most important stage of the process, the client will be very nervous and will not fully trust the process they are about to embark on, their unknown journey they will be nervous. The Client may hold back what they are feeling until they have gained the trust of the counsellor, and know they are safe and in a confidential environment. Another important factor in the opening stage is to draw up a contract and discuss the content with the client, this will demonstrate it’s a working relationship and both the client and counsellor will know their barriers, it also gives structure and prevents any  misunderstanding in the relationship. By having a contract it demonstrates to the client they are safe and able to speak freely also it shows the client that each session if totally confidential, there are exceptions to the rule and these will be included in the contract and what the process will be if they disclose anything that is unlawful. Having unconditional positive regard from the beginning will display to the client there is no hidden agenda and that the counsellor is non-judgmental, this will support the client to develop the working relationship and show the client they are valued and wanted, they will start to relax to open up freely and loosen up their attitude towards the session. 1.3 Explain the purpose and importance of a working agreement for a series of sessions Having a working agreement will demonstrate to the client that the counsellor is a professional person, also that it’s a business and sessions will need funding. Clarifying to the client how they can pay for the counsellor’s time at the beginning this will show that the sessions are a working relationship. A working agreement is contract drawn up by both the client and counsellor and can be changed at any time. There are many items that can be included in a working agreement for example:- Showing your fee within the counselling agreement will help with the awkwardness or distress of asking for money, the client may not want to willingly pay but after all it’s a business and fees do need to be paid. The counsellor may want to give the client an opportunity to pay at the beginning of each session and an option of paying the fee in several different ways i.e. monthly, by cash or direct debit this can be discussed and agreed. Having a time boundary within the contract will provide both the client with undivided attention from the counsellor, if there was no time boundary when will you end the session? Boundaries within a working agreement are jointly owned and sticking to these boundaries is showing respect to both the client and counsellor and also it gives balance to the working relationship. Having the counsellor’s holiday times on a working agreement will reduce any misunderstandings, the client will be aware when their sessions will not take place. I feel that it will be helpful if you also include cancelation guidelines. Confidentiality will help the client to develop and give them the confidence and willingness to open up, it will show the counsellor cares and the client is wanted, but  most of all it will gain the client’s trust. If within the agreement the counsellor has mentioned that they will require regular supervision and the client will be discussed having this written down will ensure the client is fully aware of the process and the client being fully aware will help the therapeutic alliance. The counsellor may want to include a termination notice, the notice given and boundaries that might be crossed resulting in termination, for example turning up at a counselling session under the influence of alcohol of drugs, the counsellor will terminate the session and ask the client to leave ensuring the safety of the counsellor. The following is an example of an agreement/contract taken from the counselling Bristol website, as you can see there are many things needed in a contract that wil l help develop a relations ship but making it clear from the beginning will encourage the relationship to grow even stronger. Counselling agreement Counselling approach I believe that my clients have the desire and the capacity to grow towards fulfilling their true potential, and that they are the experts on their own lives. I will therefore not give you advice or offer solutions, but will work with you to help you to understand yourself more fully and to find your own inner resources. With greater self-awareness and trust in yourself, I hope that you will be able to make constructive changes, leading to a more satisfying and meaningful life. Confidentiality Everything you share with me in the course of our work together will be treated as highly confidential. However, there are one or two limits to confidentiality, which you need to be aware of: †¢ In accordance with the ethical framework of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), I am required to undertake regular supervision. For this purpose, I may disclose some details of our work to my supervisor. †¢ I may be legally or ethically obliged to break confidentiality, for example where I consider your welfare or the welfare of others to be seriously at risk. Wherever possible, I will consult with you before breaching confidentiality. Sessions Our initial contract will run for six weeks, after which we will review the counselling process and negotiate further sessions as appropriate. Normally we will meet on a weekly basis at a regular time. Payments Payment will be taken at the beginning of each session. This can be by cash, debit or credit card, or PayPal to cou[emailprotected] Your fee will be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..per session. All fees must be paid in advance of or at the beginning of the session. I have a debt recovery policy, which you can download from www.juliacrane.co.uk/documentdownloads Late cancellations Late cancellation fees are payable as follows: 0-24 hours’ notice – full session fee payable. 24-48 hours’ notice – 50% of session fee is payable. No charges are payable if more than 48 hours’ notice of cancellation is given. Wherever possible, I will give you at least 48 hours’ notice of any change to an arranged appointment. Email / telephone contact and Social Networking Contact by email or telephone in between sessions will be limited to practical arrangements only. I will not enter into telephone or email counselling except by prior agreement. I do not accept Social Networking friend requests, as this can compromise the confidential and therapeutic nature of the counselling Relationship. 1.4 Explain the purpose and importance of reviewing progress with the client Having a review process in place will help the counsellor to understand the progress the client is making; it will provide the opportunity to give positive or negative feedback to the therapeutic relationship which will show the client they are valued and wanted. I believe that a review is of utmost importance to help grow the relationship, but it can also reveal that the client may not be suited to the process taking place, in such cases the counsellor may want to refer the client on to someone else. The counsellor does needs to tread carefully when they review the client, as the client my think the review is a way of recording the performance instead of the quality of the alliance, the counsellor needs to congregant at all times and  be non-judgement with the answers. If you include the review process within the working agreement this will reduce the surprise and stress for both the client and counsellor . A review is also good way of valuating the progress of the client to make sure the sessions are what they expected and if it’s helping them towards being a fully functioning person. 1.5 Explain the importance of working towards the ending of a series of sessions Endings are sensitive for both the client and counsellor, knowing that the working relationship is near the end can be very painful yet also very rewarding. Let’s not forget the process is for the client and having the client achieve their goal is the whole object of therapy, The client will have gone through the process of becoming a fully functioning person and will be in a better place when the ending takes place. Most planned endings are managed by the client yet it’s still very important for the client to leave in a safe place and they understand the process. There will be times when the ending takes longer than expected and the counsellor needs to be patient and make sure the client is ready but for the client to realise they will be on their own might frighten them or they may go backwards, it’s very important to summarise to the client their development and journey they have gone through together it will again show the client that they are still important and wanted . When preparing for the end the counsellor may want to ask if the Client has any unfinished business they want to talk about again, this will show even when the relationship is near the end the client is still valued, but they may disclose something at the very end which could hinder the ending process. Mearns and Thorne (2010:210) show how it can be approached and what the response was from the client. â€Å"The question of unfinished business, for this question to be effective it must be be asked with plenty of time left and in such a way that it is regarded as considerably more of a formality. This question is an opportunity for the client to voice questions, uncertainness or confessions that are usually quite important to the client but which will otherwise have gone unsaid. The counsellors last therapeutic intervention, but like all the rest it is not a demand, as evidenced by one client who responded to the question in such a way as to leave the counsellor ever more in mystery; â€Å"unfinished business†¦.. Yes†¦.. And I think I’m going to keep it that way† 1.6 Explain the importance of ensuring that an environment is suitable and safe. Generally Clients will be  seeking a safe environment in counselling to go somewhere they feel they are able to open and be themselves its therefore important the environment is of non-personal furnishing yet not to clinical the place of each session needs to be quiet and at a comfortable temperature. Having a suitable environment will make the client feel safe it will show they are valued and wanted, it will make them calm and give the confidence to open up. Remove barriers such as desks and position chairs at slight angles and not to close, it might be good to have a box of tissues nearby the client in case they are needed. It is also important to the both the client and counsellor are to like each other to â€Å"get on† but not as friends but as a working relationship to be congruent the counsellor must accept the client regardless of their actions and what they say. In order that client feels comfortable to talk to show their emotions and develop the relationship the cou nsellor will need to gain the clients trust and it is the responsibility as a professional to provide this in a safe environment to enable the client to grow to be respected, offer empathy and understanding.

Revisiting the Rostov Ripper Professor Ramos Blog

Revisiting the Rostov Ripper Between 1978 and 1990, the murderous reign of Andrei Chikatilo was in full swing. Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer who is responsible for the cannibalistic murders of over fifty people. His case in particular is interesting not only because the large number of victims but also because the society Chikatilo lived in did not accept that a serial murderer could exist in a communist state. That however, proved to be wrong, and indeed, contributed to his success as a murderer and prolonged his spree. He is case and story are definitely one that allows for much discussion. By analysis Chikatilo as a person and his backstory, it is possible to somewhat explain how and why he did such gruesome things. By going in depth about Chikatilo’s life, his murderous rampage, and his reasoning behind killing, there can be a clearer understanding of how not only him, but also other cannibalistic serial killers develop into monsters. Along with a further understanding, it is also interesting t o analyze Chikatilo through the application of Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s Monster theses. Applying Cohen’s theses allows an outside eye to see the cultural and environmental issues that led to the eventual creation of the monster that Chikatilo became. It is important to understand Chikatilo’s upbringing and life before analyzing his murders. Andrei Chikatilo was born in Yablochnoye, U.S.S.R (now Ukraine). He grew up during the aftermath of what is now known as the great Ukraine famine of the 1930s, during which the struggling people turned to cannibalism because they did not have the food required to survive. Both of his parents were farm workers and lived in a one-room hut. As a young boy, Chikatilo was constantly told by his mother that his older brother was kidnapped and eaten by their neighbors. This is where many people believe the spark of interest in cannibalism originates. Growing up, his mother was very abusive towards her children and that also may be that cause of some mental distress imposed on Chikatilo. His father was reportedly a kind man, but was not there for them being that he was captured as a World War II prisoner. Despite all of the hardships that he experienced at home, Chikatilo still managed to becom e a great student and an ardent member of the communist community.   He had social issues with women as a result of the abusive experience he had with his mother. He had sexual problems that were related to him suffering from Hydrocephalus (water in the brain) at birth, which caused him to have genital-urinary tract problems throughout his life. His hardships, however, did not stop in his childhood, he failed his entrance exam to Moscow State University, which led to him moving to Rodionovo-Nesvetayevsky, a town near Rostov, in 1960, where he became a telephone engineer. Following that, his sister moved in with him because she was concerned about his problems with women. Because of that, she arranged a meeting between Andrei and a woman named Fayina, who he later went on to marry in 1963. Despite sexual problems that he suffered from, they produced two children, and lived and outwardly normal family life. In 1971, Chikatilo decided he wanted to make a career change and became a sc hool teacher. This is where things began to become problematic. As a result of a string of complaints about indecent assaults on young children, he was forced to move from school to school before he finally settled at a mining school in Shakhty, near Rostov (Wilcott et al.). His troublesome background definitely contributed to his mental instability and his eventual cannibalistic killing spree. When discussing Chikatilo, it is easy to apply the monster theses of Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. By applying Cohen’s theses, it is possible to create a better understanding of Chikatilo as a murderous monster. The first thesis that should be discussed in terms of Chikatilo is Thesis VII. Thesis VII discusses the idea that a â€Å"monster stands at the threshold†¦ of becoming† (Cohen 20). This idea is relative to the fact that Chikatilo is the product of a childhood filled with abuse and hardship. His actions were consequential of all of the poor situations that he endured as a child, and therefore, created the murderous mentality of Chikatilo. This is applicable to Chikatilo because it explains how his actions are a direct result of his feeling of not fitting in. From a young age, he had always been surrounded by situations that caused him to feel bullied or out of place. It seems like he felt odd or unsure about himself, and as a result, experienced mental instability. An example of this is when he had a girlfriend in his adolescence. This is the first situation where his impotence caused him to be bullied. His girlfriend of the time went to her friends to ask them what to do because he was unable to perform sexually. Her friends started rumors and told everyone about his impotence, and therefore, was bullied by everyone about it. As a result of this, he was very shy and his only sexual experience during adolescence occurred at the age of 15. He was reported to have overpowered a young girl and ejaculate immediately during their brief struggle (Goldberg).   When his peers heard of this story, he was ridiculed even more than before. That is a reason Chikatilo performed those horrific acts. He killed to satisfy his sexual desires and was stimulated through the pain that he inflicted on others. The creation of a monster, however, is not only physical but also mental. Granted, he did perform horrible and horrific acts, but that is not necessarily th e only monstrous quality to him. The monstrosity of Chikatilo could also be identified through his mind and mentality. He became the monster he was as a result of his horrible and traumatic experiences. That, coupled with his awareness of his actions, confirmed his demented monstrosity, and in turn, shows that his characteristics as a monster are clear. This is how Cohen’s Thesis VII is applicable to Chikatilo and allows for a better understanding of him as a murderous monster. In terms of Cohen’s Theses, it is important to touch on Thesis I when discussing Chikatilo. As a result of many different environmental aspects, it is clear to see how Chikatilo’s development as a monster came to be. Through a number of childhood issues and other flawed cultural beliefs, he became a character that was not only very homicidal, but also unbeknownst to the people of the time. A point that must be asserted in terms of Chikatilo’s cultural being is the political arena he existed in. As stated, Chikatilo grew up in the Communist state and was surrounded by a shrouded view of murderers and serial killers. Because of that culturally flawed view on murderers, it made it very easy for him to be successful as a serial killer. His mental instability also spurred from his own environmental hardships. From a young age, Chikatilo was in a horrible living environment that was also affect by his impotence. Being bullied for his impotence on top of his feelings of not fitting in created a mentality of loneliness. The failures of the police department along with his job situation are factors that allowed him to harness all of that resentment and murder the fifty-plus individuals he did. As a teacher, that was where he first began to commit crimes. As stated by John Philip Jenkins, in an article on Britannica.com, â€Å"He was forced to resign his position, however, after some parents complained of sexual assault by Chikatilo on their children.† Because of those accusations, he moved from school to school before finally settling down in Rostov, U.S.S.R. In Rostov, he got a job as a factory worker and that is when he began to murder his victims. This is another example of an environmental influence on his murders. Because he was working such a typical job, that drew very little attention to himself, he was able to perform these murders without being easily identified. Along with his job, the other factor that contributed to his success as a murderer was the police malpractice. The police had repeatedly failed to apprehend Chikatilo, and instead, arrested and persecuted other men in his place (Jenkins). The police would try to solve cases as quickly as possible in order to keep down the public concern. As a result, they were brutally interrogating innocent men and forcing confessions out of them. Until the eventual in-depth investigation, Chikatilo had already gotten away with several murders, as a result of poor policing. Chikatilo’s actions are a product of cultural and environmental flaws that surrounded him. In conclusion, Chikatilo is one of the most prolific serial killers that has ever existed. His murderous rampage that resulted in the deaths of, from what he stated, fifty-six women and children should never be forgotten or overlooked. With the deranged mind of a sexually driven killer, Chikatilo’s name will now forever live in infamy. Because of a series of failed policing situations and a job that allowed Chikatilo to remain ordinary, his murders piled up like never before. With a further understanding of his development, mentality, and actions as a monster, there can be an identification of such behaviors before another monster like him is created again. Through the analysis and exploration of Chikatilo with Cohen’s theses, a more vivid picture of the monster he was can be illustrated. Seeing how he was unnoticed and, in some ways, disregarded by the society he existed in is dreadful. His reign was heinous and appalling, and as a result, Chikatilo will be considered one of the worst murderous, cannibalistic serial killers to have ever existed. Chikatilo is an apparent example of a monster that was affected by his surroundings. Whether it be his rough childhood, his impotence, or simply his mental instability, his character directly correlates to the way he was treated. As a community, it is important to identify those in need and reduce the amount of bullying that exists in children. His life was tragic, but that does not justify the horrendous deeds he performed. Therefore, as a member of today’s society, there must be more effort put forth in the preventions of monstrous people like Chikatilo. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Monster Theory: Reading Culture. University of Minnesota Press, 1996. Goldberg, Carey. â€Å"COLUMN ONE : I Was Like a Crazed Wolf : Andrei Chikatilo Looks like a Harmless Schoolteacher. But 53 Murders Make Him the Most Horrible Serial Killer RussiaPerhaps the WorldHas Ever Seen.† Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 28 Apr. 1992, latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-28-mn-966-story.html. Jenkins, John Philip. â€Å"Andrei Chikatilo.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Andrei-Romanovich-Chikatilo. Willmott, Dominic, Daniel Boduszek, and Rebecca Robinson. A psychodynamic-behaviourist investigation of Russian sexual serial killer Andrei Chikatilo.The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology29.3 (2018): 498-507.

Historical Documents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Documents - Essay Example Most economists attribute the 1929 stock market crash in the United States as the trigger for the great depression. 4Trade and incomes experienced a dramatic drop. This led to a dip in tax collection for the treasury. At the peak of the great depression, unemployment rates stood at 25% in the United States. Other developed nations had unemployment rates of over 30% of the working age population. Many historians and economists believe that there are two theories that best describe the cause of the Great Depression. 5 The Demand theory argues that service and products were being over produced while the demand was not keeping up with the supply. Companies were over investing in products that had no matching demand meaning the companies were spending more than they were making6.This led to huge losses and companies going out of business leading to high unemployment rate. The monetarist theory believes that the depression was minor problem that was compounded by poor decisions and mistakes by financial institutions7. These institutions inflated debts causing people to stay indebted for much longer period8. Whatever triggered the great depression is still subject to debate but it cannot be denied that its effects were felt globally10. I used the online library to get my sources specifically Google books section. I opted for this source since it was the easiest way to access some books which the local library may not have .Hence it is convenient and can be accessed 24 hours a day. The books have various strengths and weaknesses which led me to choose them after evaluation. The secondary sources though have are recently published books and rely mostly on previously published works whose accuracy may not be easily verified. Their main advantage over the primary sources is that they may tap into more studies and research works that may not have been possible hence provide a more comprehensive and

Opera Report Carmen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opera Report Carmen - Essay Example The walls were painted in dark or pale shades of grey. The whole set seem to have leaped out of an antiquated book whose pages have turned brittle and its colors have faded with age. I could almost see the book settled quietly on a dusty shelf on the back portion of the library. If set designer John Conklin’s and lighting designer Gary Marder’s intentions were to give a hint to the opera’s tragic ending, then they have been successful in this part. But a story is not just about a happy or sad ending. A story has a beginning, a complicated plot and an ending. In this view, I think the stage could have made use of better lighting. There were some parts where the actors almost disappear into the shadows, especially when they move towards the wall or the back portion of the stage. On the story itself, I give its director, Sonja Frisell, the liberty to make her own interpretation of Prosper Merimee’s novel. I believe that the director should be given enough room to exercise her artistic skills and decide on the details of the story. I think Frisell did a very good job at telling the story of Carmen and her daring adventures on love. I especially love Carmen, both the character and the actress. I like the character Carmen’s go-getter attitude. Although she was a gypsy, she did carry herself well in the crowd and commanded everyone’s attention with her larger-then-life presence. She does not mind how she rank compared to others. She just wanted to live her life to the fullest. And I believe that Nino Surguladze gave justice to Carmen’s colorful lifestyle. She was pretty with an equally captivating mezzo soprano voice. For me, Surguladze and her portrayal of Carmen was the highlight of the show. Finally, the three and a half hours of musical bliss was a great experience. The actors did deliver their pieces quite well. The soprano music is a welcome break from the rock and pop music that floods my senses in

International Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Accounting - Assignment Example In the US, UK GAAPs and others around the world R & D costs have been considered as expenses. According to Gornik and Miguel (2005), the FAS 2 issued in 1974 by the FASB set out that all R & D costs such as costs of material, equipments and facilities together with purchases made on intangibles with no optional future uses, remuneration to the involved workforce, contract services, considerable indirect costs except for general and administration costs to be charged to expenses. The FASB opposed the capitalization of such, as it was before that year, based on factors such as the unpredictability of future benefits from R & D and lack of a clear relationship between what is spent and the gains obtained thereafter. This standard was challenged by the IASB resulting to the formulation of IFRS 3 and IAS 38 in December 2002 and their revision in March 2004. According to these standards all expenses incurred in research work on an internal project will be considered as an expense and any intangible asset arising from it will not be recognized. However those intangible assets arising from development or its phase in an internal project will be recognized if it meets the following criteria. It should be identifiable, the business entity should have control over it, should demonstrate the possibility of bringing in economic benefits and its cost should be measurable reliably. In addition to this, the business entity should demonstrate technical feasibility, clear intention of completion, use and sale of the asset, ability to use and sell the asset, generate probable future benefits and reliably measure the expenditure to be incurred on the asset and finally availability of enough resources required t o complete the development (Linden and Spek n.d.). It is only after meeting these criteria that the internal development expenditure shall be recognized as an asset and only that incurred after

The Cinderella Of The Building Industry Construction Essay

The Cinderella Of The Building Industry Construction Essay Building maintenance normally regarded as the Cinderella of the building industry. The maintenance of the built environment affects everyone continually, for it is on the state of our homes, offices and factories that we depend not only for our comfort but also for our economic survival. Maintenance of the building will start from the day the builders and contractors leaves the site of the construction or after the construction is fully completed. Normally, all the building owners wants their building will keep the maintenance to a minimum cost and need the maintenance in a good and effective maintenance. In order to get the effectiveness of the maintenance, organizing maintenance work is required for the maintenance. Organizing maintenance work is to examine how work will organized to best effect. Consideration will give particularly to the place of statutory control and guidance and the involvement of contractors. The value of the supervision and inspection will explore. The overal l aim is to expose methods that are most likely to achieve the desired end-result of satisfactory buildings in which to live, work and play. Organizing is the managerial function of arranging people and resources to work toward a goal. The purposes of organizing include but are not limited to determining the tasks to perform in order to achieve objectives, dividing tasks into specific jobs, grouping job into departments, specifying reporting and authority relationships, delegating the authority necessary for task accomplishment, and allocating and deploying resources in a coordinated fashion (Anton, 2010). As a word, organization can mean an organization that is the process of getting something organized. Different organization will organize building maintenance differently. For example, two different local authorities will not organize their building maintenance work in the same way unless two different organization of the building maintenance will organized the building maintenance work in the same way is if they outsourced the provision of the service to the same company of the outsource contractors (Wood, 2009). British Standard Institution (1964) defines maintenance as work undertaken in order to keep or restore every facility such as every part of a site, building and contents, to an acceptable standard. The British Standard further explain that where there are statutory requirements for maintenance, the acceptable standard must be no less than that necessary to meet the statutory requirements, and maintained is defined in the Factories Act (1961) as maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair (Seeley, 1976). ORGANIZING MAINTENANCE WORK MAINTENANCE PLANNING The Pocket Oxford Dictionary defines a plan as a method or procedure for doing something on the design, scheme, or intention. In term of building maintenance management, maintenance planning has both a narrow and wide definition. The narrow definition relate to preventive maintenance in the form of planned maintenance programmed. While, wide definition maintenance planning as an essential management tool for controlling all aspects of a building maintenance management operation and will include planned preventive maintenance programmed, planned levels of expenditure on day-to-day and reactive maintenance, disaster planning, and planned strategies of asset management in conjunction with a business plan or corporate plan (Wordsworth, 2001). The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guidance Note on Planned Building Maintenance defines the maintenance planning under five categories that are determining the policy for maintenance, deciding and preparing maintenance p rogrammes and obtaining funds for them, getting the work done, controlling progress of work and budget expenditure, and monitoring the effectiveness of the programme (Wordsworth, 2001). The nature of the maintenance planning in the building maintenance involves determining systems and sequences of operation. This noted that maintenance planning must necessarily involve a level of prediction. The prediction is not only focus on the building stock and the deterioration, but also focus on the future policy of the owners or users of the buildings. The maintenance manager or maintenance department can deal with these uncertainties with a twofold oncoming, which are by collecting and analyzing sufficient information to place as much degree of certainty on the variables as possible and by recognizing that a level of uncertainty will remain and introducing flexibility and review options within the plan (Wordsworth, 2001). The collection of the information is to assist the maintenance manager to predict with some degree of confidence will be in the form of condition surveys of the property, details of costs and cost trends in building, and information related to the wider po licies of the owners and users of the building. Care in such information gathering will enable the maintenance manager or the person who responsible for the maintenance of the building to reduce the uncertainty and permit effective planning to proceed (Wordsworth, 2001). In planning maintenance, an aim of the maintenance manager is to match the available resources with the workload. The effectiveness planning is difficult with this category of work because of the large number of uncertain factors involved. In view of the uncertainties, maintenance planning must be formulated at different levels and constantly revised according to the new information that is put into the system. Long-term programmes medium-term programmes and the short-term programmes were identified as a level of the maintenance planning (Seeley, 1976). SUPERVISION OF MAINTENANCE WORK Supervision is a management activity carried out to ensure that the work as in a plan will carry out correctly and expeditiously as what in the maintenance planning (Wood, 2009). Furthermore, the supervision of maintenance work was executed is to ensure that is of a satisfactory standard and in accordance with the drawings and specification. With the larger contracts, it is customary to employ a clerk of work who is constantly in touch with the job in order to supervise the maintenance work. Besides that, the clerk of work also is responsible to ensure that the maintenance is work as a planning. However, with the smaller contracts or smaller jobs periodic supervision only can be obtained often through the medium of architects, surveyors, inspectors or other supervisory staff (Seeley, 1976). Clerk of work must have an extensive practical knowledge of building materials, principles of construction and the execution of techniques in all trades. As a supervisor in the maintenance work, they need to ensure that all the materials and workmanship are in accordance with the drawings, specification and any other relevant documents. Furthermore, the clerk of work must to avoid their self from making any exorbitant demands or altering details or materials without getting the approval from the architect, surveyor or maintenance manager to whom he is responsible (Supervision of Maintenance Work, 1976). Besides that, the clerk of work will also responsible to prepare reports for consideration by the architect, surveyor, or maintenance manager. The preparation of the reports might be in the term of weekly reports, periodic reports or special reports (Seeley, 1976). Site meeting is also one of the supervision of maintenance work. This is one of the way to organizing maintenance work. Site meetings will hold regularly on larger jobs and are generally convened by the architect, surveyor, maintenance manager or any person who responsible for the supervision of maintenance work. The main objective of the site meetings is to ensure that satisfactory progress is maintained and to provide the opportunity for clearing outstanding points. Supervision of maintenance work is important for the all parties to get involves in the site meeting including subcontractors (Seeley, 1976). Adequate supervision of work to the new construction and of alteration and repair work need as one of the way in the organizing maintenance to ensure that the materials and workmanship comply with the contract particulars and relevant statutory requirements. In the absence of such strict supervision in the maintenance progress, inferior materials, poor workmanship and the omission of important details can occur resulting in subsequent trouble and expense to the building owner (Seeley, 1976). PLANNED INSPECTIONS A planned inspection is a formal systematic check carried out at predefined regular intervals against a detailed list of plant, equipment and activities (Code of Practice on Planned Inspections, 1993). According to the Baiche, Walliman and Ogden (2006) work needs to check regularly to ensure compliance with legislative requirements (Wood, 2009). The purpose of the planned inspections is been carried out is to ensure the systematic examinations of all locations, facilities, tools, plants, materials and to observe how these are used by employees and contractors. By carrying out the planned inspections and through taking follow up action on any defects or unsafe working practices noted, the maintenance manager or the person who responsible to maintain the building. Critically, planned inspections can effectively contribute to the provision of the safe working environment and reduce the risk of injury to persons, damage to equipment, buildings and to the environment (Code of Practice on Planned Inspections, 1993). Furthermore, planned inspections are carrying out for a variety purposes including preparation a schedule of the facilities that need to maintain and their present condition, detecting misappropriation from predetermined standards and incipient faults that may result in such deviations developing before the next inspections. Other purposes are ascertaining the cause of the misappropriations, the extent of the remedial work necessary to restore to the required standard and prevent a recurrence of the defect, and the relative urgency of the work. Checking that previous work was done in accordance with the instructions and that the work specified was adequate also is a purposes and the reason why the planned inspections is required to carrying out in the organizing maintenance work (Wordsworth, 2001). The complicated design of the buildings and the great variety of the possible defects makes it necessary fully preplan the inspections and to provide comprehensive checklists to ensure that no part of the building is missed from the inspections. Appropriate criteria also should be laid down for each element, components, or equipments and the types of the inspections needed fully defined and documented. Planned inspections also include details of the form of the inspections. For a greater consistency in organizing the maintenance work, special program macros should be prepared for each element and sub element, setting down the essential information required by the inspector with space to record the result and the recommendation of the inspections. For the later processing, a location code is required to assists and gives some information. To facilitate retrieval and computer processing of inspections, the facilities and elements should be grouped according to the location and the peri odicity of the inspections. SCHEDULING CONCLUSION

Enlightenment in Latin America :: American America History

Enlightenment in Latin America How Did The Enlightenment Effect Latin America? Enlightenment ideas in Latin America took place during the 1700's to the early 1800's. These ideas were appealed to the people because they taught that man was free and that all were equal. These ideas were important especially in countries were slavery existed and countries under the control of foreign powers. The Spark that ignited wide spread revolt was napoleon's invasion of Spain. He ousted the Spanish king and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. Latin American leaders saw Spain's opportunity to reject foreign domination and demand independence from colonial rule. Two places that were influenced by the enlightenment were Haiti and South America. Toussaint L'Ouverture was also influenced by the enlightenment. Haiti had over a half million enslaved Africans working on sugar plantations owned by the French. The sugar was hugely profitable, but conditions for enslaved worker were horrendous. Many were cruelly over worked and under fed. Haiti also had a population of both free and enslaved mulattoes. Free mulattoes, however, had few right and were badly treated by the French. In 1791, a slave revolt exploded in northern Haiti. Under the able leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitians would fight for freedom and pave the way for throwing off French rule. In South America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rule as early as the 1700s. These rebellions had limited results, however it was not until 1800s that discontent among the Creoles sparked a widespread drive for independence. Educated Creoles like Simo ¢n Bolivar applauded the French and American Revolutions. He dreamed of winning independence for his country. When Napoleon occupied Spain, Simo ¢n returned to his South America and led an uprising that established a republic in his native Venezuela. But his newly found republic quickly toppled by conservative forces. Bolivar then got a daring idea; he would march his forces across the Andes and attack the Spanish at Bogotà ¡. He managed to free Caracas then moved into Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru to do the same. The man responsible for setting these uprising into action was Toussaint L'Ouverture. As a child he was born into slavery. His father thought him at an early age to take pride in his African heritage. Toussaint learned to speak both French and his native African language. Thanks to a kind master he also learned to read. When slave revolts broke out in 1791 he was almost 50 years old, his intelligence and military skills earned him a place as a leader.